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The Kinetic Model of Gases

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The kinetic model of gases explains the properties of a perfect gas using three main assumptions: molecules move in ceaseless random motion, their size is negligible compared to the distances between them, and they do not interact except during perfectly elastic collisions. The total energy of a gas is the sum of the kinetic energies of all its constituent molecules. The pressure exerted by the gas arises from the continual bombardment of the container walls by billions of colliding molecules.

Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas

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A mole is defined as the amount of any substance that contains as many molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. An Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856) formed the hypothesis that equal volumes of gas at equal pressure and temperature contain equal numbers of molecules, independent of the type of gas. Later, the hypothesis was developed to form the SI unit for measuring the amount of any substance.
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Updated: May 17, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

Polyakov loop and the hadron resonance gas model.

E Megías¹, E Ruiz Arriola, L L Salcedo

¹Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. emegias@ifae.es

Physical Review Letters

|October 30, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The Polyakov loop

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Area of Science:

Nuclear Physics
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)

Background:

The Polyakov loop is a key order parameter for the deconfinement phase transition in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).
Understanding the behavior of the Polyakov loop in the confined phase is crucial for nuclear physics research.

Purpose of the Study:

To represent the expectation value of the Polyakov loop in the confined phase using hadronic states.
To compare this representation with lattice QCD data and investigate the role of exotic hadrons.

Main Methods:

Developed an approximate sum rule relating the Polyakov loop to hadronic states, similar to the hadron resonance gas model.
Utilized lattice QCD data with N(f)=2+1 for temperatures between 150 MeV and 190 MeV.
Incorporated conventional meson and baryon states from two distinct models.

Main Results:

The proposed sum rule provides a good description of lattice data in the temperature range of 150-190 MeV.
Discrepancies in lattice results below 150 MeV suggest a dependence on the inclusion of exotic hadrons.
One set of lattice data requires exotic hadrons for consistency, while others do not.

Conclusions:

The expectation value of the Polyakov loop in the confined phase can be approximated by a sum over hadronic states.
The presence or absence of exotic hadrons in the QCD spectrum may explain disagreements in lattice QCD results at lower temperatures.