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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

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Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
07:45

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Published on: February 6, 2014

Modification of late-time phase structure by quantum quenches.

Ling-Yan Hung1, Michael Smolkin, Evgeny Sorkin

  • 1Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Physical Review Letters
|October 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Sudden changes in coupling constants (quenches) widen the stability of the 3D φ6 model. A new massive phase emerges, becoming the dominant vacuum, which is not explained by simple thermalization.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical physics
  • Quantum field theory
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Understanding the behavior of quantum field theories under dynamic conditions is crucial.
  • The φ6 model serves as a valuable theoretical laboratory for studying phase transitions and vacuum structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of non-equilibrium dynamics, specifically coupling constant quenches, on the phase structure of the three-dimensional φ6 model.
  • To explore the emergence of new phases and stability properties in the large-N limit.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the three-dimensional φ6 model in the large-N limit.
  • Study of the consequences of sudden changes (quenches) in coupling constants.

Main Results:

  • The φ6 coupling exhibits a widened range of stability compared to static scenarios.
  • A novel massive phase emerges, which can become the dominant vacuum for strong couplings.
  • These phenomena are distinct from simple thermalization or the emergence of a single effective temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Sudden quenches can significantly alter the vacuum structure and phase diagram of quantum field theories.
  • The observed massive phase suggests new non-equilibrium phenomena in the φ6 model.
  • Standard thermalization concepts are insufficient to describe these dynamic effects.