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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells
09:47

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

Published on: July 2, 2013

Gene expression dynamics during diabetic periodontitis.

O M Andriankaja1, J Galicia, G Dong

  • 1Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Journal of Dental Research
|October 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetes worsens periodontal inflammation by altering gene expression. A TNF inhibitor partially restored normal gene patterns, highlighting pathways involved in inflammation resolution and diabetes complications.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells
09:47

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

Published on: July 2, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Periodontal Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is known to impair the resolution of periodontal inflammation.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this impairment is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the gene expression profiles in the diabetic periodontium during inflammation resolution.
  • To identify specific pathways affected by diabetes and their modulation by TNF inhibition.

Main Methods:

  • Periodontitis was induced in type-2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats using ligatures.
  • Treatment with a TNF inhibitor (pegsunercept) or vehicle was administered after ligature removal.
  • mRNA profiling and functional analysis were performed on periodontal tissues.

Main Results:

  • Pegsunercept treatment significantly altered the expression of numerous genes, with 1,754 up-regulated and 1,243 down-regulated.
  • Functional analysis revealed altered expression of genes related to neuron and retina pathways, cell activity, signaling, host defense, apoptosis, and coagulation.
  • PPAR-α, an anti-inflammatory factor, was upregulated during inflammation resolution but suppressed by diabetes.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetes profoundly impacts gene expression in the periodontium, affecting cellular activity, signaling, host response, and metabolic pathways.
  • TNF inhibition demonstrates potential in modulating these diabetes-induced inflammatory gene expression changes.
  • PPAR-α dysregulation in diabetes may contribute to impaired periodontal inflammation resolution.