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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid (dys-)function in normal and disturbed pregnancy.

Brigitte K Budenhofer1, Nina Ditsch, Udo Jeschke

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Maistraße 11, 80337 Munich, Germany.

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
|October 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal thyroid dysfunction can negatively impact pregnancy outcomes. Routine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) testing and treatment are recommended for women of childbearing age to ensure optimal fetal development and maternal health.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Physiological changes in maternal thyroid function occur during pregnancy, influenced by hormonal and metabolic shifts.
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates maternal thyroid hormone production, crucial for early fetal development.
  • Adequate maternal thyroid hormones are vital, particularly in the first trimester before the fetal thyroid is functional.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, including autoimmunity, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism.
  • To analyze the impact of thyroid dysfunction on miscarriage and other pregnancy disorders.
  • To review current guidelines on thyroid function in pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a Medline literature search.
  • Analyzed current clinical guidelines regarding thyroid function and pregnancy.
  • Included studies on TSH levels, thyroid autoantibodies, and hypothyroidism in relation to pregnancy outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • Thyroid autoantibodies correlate with an increased risk of miscarriage.
  • (Subclinical) hypothyroidism affects both infertile and fertile women.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal thyroid dysfunction adversely affects pregnancy.
  • Routine iodine supplementation and treatment of thyroid disorders are important.
  • Measuring and adjusting TSH levels to <2.5 mIU/l in women of childbearing age is recommended for optimal maternal and fetal health.