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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate

Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
Conditions such as hypochloremia can arise from insufficient chloride reabsorption by the kidneys, often compounded by extended bouts of diarrhea, vomiting, or...
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...

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Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia
13:13

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Published on: August 24, 2011

Serum ionised calcium in birth asphyxia.

B K Jain1, D Singh, H Singh

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, 141001 Ludhiana, Punjab.

Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry : IJCB
|October 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Neonates experiencing birth asphyxia show significantly lower total and ionized calcium levels. Monitoring ionized calcium is crucial in these infants due to associated clinical issues.

Keywords:
Birth asphyxiaSerum ionised calcium

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Published on: January 21, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Birth asphyxia is a critical condition in newborns.
  • Hypocalcemia is a known complication in neonates.
  • Assessing calcium levels is vital for neonatal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare serum total and ionized calcium levels in asphyxiated versus normal term neonates.
  • To investigate the correlation between calcium levels and clinical features in birth asphyxia.
  • To determine the necessity of serial calcium monitoring in asphyxiated infants.

Main Methods:

  • Serum total and ionized calcium levels were measured at birth and 48 hours.
  • Study included 25 asphyxiated neonates (APGAR ≤6) and 25 normal neonates (APGAR ≥7).
  • Infants were classified as term appropriate for gestational age (TAGA) or term small for gestational age (TSGA).

Main Results:

  • Asphyxiated neonates exhibited significantly lower serum total and ionized calcium at birth and 48 hours.
  • 48% of asphyxiated infants presented with abnormal clinical features.
  • Low ionized calcium was observed in symptomatic infants, even with normal total calcium levels.

Conclusions:

  • Birth asphyxia is strongly associated with hypocalcemia, particularly low ionized calcium.
  • Serial monitoring of serum ionized calcium is recommended for asphyxiated neonates.
  • Hypocalcemia in asphyxiated infants can lead to significant functional derangements.