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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management01:26

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) Double-labeling Histochemistry
06:53

Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) Double-labeling Histochemistry

Published on: November 23, 2011

Defect in mitochondrial functions in damaged human mitral valve.

Santosh Shinde1, Pawan Kumar, Kaushala Mishra

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, L.T.M.M.C and L.T.M.G.H., 400025 Mumbai, India.

Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry : IJCB
|October 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial enzyme activity is reduced in damaged human mitral valves, particularly in bacterial endocarditis and severe heart failure (NYHA Class IV). This suggests impaired energy production contributes to heart valve disease progression.

Keywords:
Human heartMital valveand Mitochondrial functions

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An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat
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Published on: May 19, 2020

Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve
09:13

Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve

Published on: June 14, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) Double-labeling Histochemistry
06:53

Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) Double-labeling Histochemistry

Published on: November 23, 2011

An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat
07:42

An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat

Published on: May 19, 2020

Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve
09:13

Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve

Published on: June 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cardiology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in various diseases.
  • Mitral valve damage can occur due to Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) or Bacterial Endocarditis (BE).
  • Myocardial function relies on mitochondrial energy production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between preoperative clinical status and mitochondrial enzyme activity in human mitral valves.
  • To compare enzyme activities in valves affected by RHD and BE.

Main Methods:

  • Mitochondrial enzyme activities (cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, ATPase) were measured in human mitral valve samples from 39 patients undergoing surgery.
  • Enzyme activities were compared between patients with RHD and BE, and with control porcine valves.
  • Enzyme activities were correlated with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial enzyme activities (COX, SDH, CS, ATPase) were significantly decreased in RHD and BE compared to controls (P<0.001).
  • Enzyme impairment was more pronounced in patients with Bacterial Endocarditis (BE).
  • Mitochondrial enzyme activity significantly decreased with increasing NYHA class, with the most impairment observed in Class IV patients (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial enzyme dysfunction is evident in diseased human mitral valves.
  • Bacterial endocarditis and advanced heart failure (NYHA Class IV) show the most significant mitochondrial enzyme impairment.
  • These findings highlight the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of valvular heart disease.