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Related Concept Videos

Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
Measurement of Fluid Pressure01:16

Measurement of Fluid Pressure

Fluid pressure is commonly measured using devices called manometers, which rely on liquid columns to indicate pressure differences. The height of a liquid column in a manometer reflects the pressure exerted by the fluid, providing a simple yet effective means of measurement. Different types of manometers serve specific purposes based on their configurations and the type of fluids involved.
A basic form of manometer is the piezometer, a vertical tube open at the top and filled with the same...
Assessing Blood pressure using a doppler ultrasound01:19

Assessing Blood pressure using a doppler ultrasound

To obtain accurate blood pressure measurements in clinical settings, especially when traditional methods are insufficient, healthcare professionals utilize the Doppler ultrasound technique. This method uses high-frequency sound waves to detect blood flow within the arteries, which is crucial for patients with conditions that complicate circulatory system assessment.
Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Doppler Ultrasound Blood Pressure Assessment:
Preparation of Equipment:
Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
Unlike the time average of a sinusoidal term, which is zero since it is positive and...
Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...

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Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
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Wave reflection quantification based on pressure waveforms alone--methods, comparison, and clinical covariates.

Bernhard Hametner1, Siegfried Wassertheurer, Johannes Kropf

  • 1Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria.

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
|October 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Windkessel model accurately estimates arterial wave reflection in patients with preserved ejection fraction. This method, using wave separation analysis (WSA), offers a reliable approach compared to other flow models.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Pulse wave analysis (PWA) quantifies pulse wave reflections using central aortic systolic pressure.
  • Wave separation analysis (WSA) offers a complementary method to assess arterial wave reflection by analyzing both pulse and flow waves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and compare different aortic blood flow models for wave separation analysis (WSA).
  • To evaluate the performance of Windkessel, triangular, and averaged flow models against Doppler measurements in patients with preserved ejection fraction.

Main Methods:

  • Wave separation analysis (WSA) was employed using three aortic blood flow models: Windkessel, triangular, and averaged flow.
  • Model performance was evaluated by comparing WSA-derived wave reflection measures against Doppler ultrasound measurements in 148 patients.
  • Stepwise regression analysis identified determinants of methodological differences between WSA and PWA parameters.

Main Results:

  • The Windkessel and averaged flow models demonstrated comparable mean differences and standard deviations in forward and backward pressure wave amplitudes against Doppler measurements.
  • Stepwise regression analysis revealed similar determinants between Doppler measurements and the Windkessel model, but not the triangular or averaged flow models.
  • The Windkessel method showed accurate wave reflection estimates in subjects with preserved ejection fraction.

Conclusions:

  • The Windkessel model provides accurate wave reflection estimates in individuals with preserved ejection fraction.
  • Comparing different flow models, the Windkessel approach may reduce variability and yield realistic results for arterial wave reflection assessment.
  • This study highlights the utility of the Windkessel model within WSA for evaluating cardiovascular hemodynamics.