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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

[Glucose variability in intensive care unit].

J-V Schaal1, N Libert, S De Rudnicki

  • 1Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Val-de-Grâce, 74 boulevard de Port-Royal, Paris, France.

Annales Francaises D'Anesthesie Et De Reanimation
|October 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Strict blood glucose control is crucial for critically ill patients. Managing glucose variability, not just average levels, may improve outcomes and reduce mortality risks associated with intensive insulin therapy.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

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Published on: June 11, 2012

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Area of Science:

  • Critical care medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic disorders

Context:

  • Hyperglycemia is linked to higher mortality in critically ill patients.
  • Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) was previously recommended for strict blood glucose (BG) control.
  • Recent trials show conflicting results for IIT, with increased mortality and hypoglycemia.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the role of glucose variability in critically ill patients.
  • To understand the conflicting outcomes of intensive insulin therapy.
  • To highlight the importance of managing BG variability for patient outcomes.

Summary:

  • While hyperglycemia increases mortality risk, the efficacy and safety of intensive insulin therapy (IIT) remain debated due to conflicting trial results.
  • Recent studies indicate that glucose variability, independent of average BG levels, is significantly associated with mortality.
  • Differences in BG control variability might explain why IIT effects range from beneficial to harmful.

Impact:

  • Managing and reducing glucose variability presents a potential therapeutic target in critical care.
  • Clinicians must consider the definitions, pathophysiology, and impacts of glucose variability.
  • Improved understanding and management of glucose variability can enhance patient outcomes in critical care settings.