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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
The Proteasome02:18

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
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The Proteasome01:13

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Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
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The Proteasome02:18

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Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...

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Updated: May 17, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
10:59

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage

Published on: August 21, 2021

Protein damage, repair and proteolysis.

Niki Chondrogianni1, Isabelle Petropoulos2, Stefanie Grimm3

  • 1Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.

Molecular Aspects of Medicine
|October 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Protein damage impacts health, with repair and degradation systems balancing protein aggregation. Modulating these systems, particularly proteolysis, shows promise for disease management and maintaining cellular health.

Keywords:
4-hydroxynonenalADAGEsAgingAlzheimer’s diseaseC-LCT-LFNKHDHNEHuntington’s diseaseIISIns/IGF-1Insulin/Insulin Growth FactorInsulin/Insulin Growth Factor-1 signaling pathwayLon proteaseLysosomeMDAMMPMethionine sulphoxide reductaseMsrPDPGPHPIMTParkinson’s diseaseProtein modificationRNSROSReactive oxygen speciesT-LTIMPUPSUbiquitin-proteasome systemadvanced glycation end productscaspase-like activitychymotrypsin-like activityfructosamine-3-kinasemalondialdehydematrix metalloproteinasemethionine sulfoxide reductasepeptidylglutamylpeptide hydrolyzing activity (or)protein L-isoaspartate methyl transferasereactive nitrogen speciestissue inhibitor of metalloproteinasetrypsin-like activityubiquitin-proteasome system

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Proteins are susceptible to damage from internal and external factors, leading to disease.
  • Protein aggregation, driven by damage, is influenced by repair and degradation pathways.
  • Dysfunctional protein repair and degradation systems are implicated in various pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of protein repair and degradation systems in cellular homeostasis and disease.
  • To explore recent advancements in modulating these systems for therapeutic benefit.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of protein repair mechanisms (e.g., methionine sulfoxide reductases, L-isoaspartate methyl transferase, deglycation).
  • Examination of major protein degradation systems: lysosome and proteasome.
  • Analysis of strategies for modulating protein repair and degradation.

Main Results:

  • Few protein repair mechanisms are identified, with limited known modulators (inhibitors or activators).
  • Genetic modulation of protein repair enzymes shows potential.
  • Numerous compounds targeting proteolysis (drugs and natural products) have been identified, aiding homeostasis and disease progression delay.

Conclusions:

  • Protein repair and degradation are critical for preventing disease.
  • Modulating proteolysis offers a viable therapeutic strategy for various conditions.
  • Further research into protein repair modulators is warranted.