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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
09:22

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 13, 2021

Structural insight into inositol pyrophosphate turnover.

Stephen B Shears1, Jeremy D Weaver, Huanchen Wang

  • 1Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, NC 27709, USA. Shears@niehs.nih.gov

Advances in Biological Regulation
|October 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Diphosphoinositol polyphosphates regulate key cellular functions. Structural analysis of human enzymes DIPP and PPIP5K reveals active site details, aiding understanding of inositol pyrophosphate metabolism and signaling.

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Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates
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Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

Published on: July 26, 2019

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
09:22

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 13, 2021

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates
10:34

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Published on: September 3, 2011

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
08:07

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

Published on: July 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • Diphosphoinositol polyphosphates (PP-InsPs), also known as inositol pyrophosphates, are crucial regulators of diverse eukaryotic cellular processes.
  • These processes include stress responses, apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, exocytosis, telomere maintenance, insulin signaling, and neutrophil activation.
  • Enzymes controlling PP-InsP metabolism play vital cell signaling roles, necessitating detailed characterization of their active sites for understanding regulation and mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the atomic-level architecture of the active sites of human diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase (DIPP) and human diphosphoinositol polyphosphate kinase (PPIP5K).
  • To understand the reaction mechanisms and regulatory modes of these key enzymes involved in PP-InsP metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analysis of human DIPP and PPIP5K.
  • Crystallographic studies of enzyme complexes.
  • Analysis of complexes with substrates, products, transition state analogs, and a phosphonoacetate substrate analog.

Main Results:

  • Published structural information on human DIPP and PPIP5K has been reviewed.
  • Insights into active site architecture have been obtained through analysis of various crystal complexes.
  • Characterization includes interactions with substrates, products, transition state analogs, and a novel phosphonoacetate analog.

Conclusions:

  • Structural insights into DIPP and PPIP5K are essential for fully understanding PP-InsP metabolism and cell signaling.
  • The detailed architecture of enzyme active sites provides a foundation for appreciating reaction mechanisms and regulatory strategies.
  • Further structural studies are key to advancing knowledge in this critical area of cell biology.