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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by transmural...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home
02:28

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home

Published on: March 1, 2024

Enthesitis in psoriatic disease.

Dennis G McGonagle1, Philip Helliwell, Douglas Veale

  • 1Department of Investigative Rheumatology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. D.G.McGonagle@leeds.ac.uk

Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Enthesitis is a key factor in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Advanced imaging aids detection, and treatments like TNF inhibitors show promise for managing this condition and improving patient outlook.

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Musculoskeletal Diseases

Background:

  • Enthesitis is a critical, often overlooked, component of psoriatic arthritis (PsA).
  • Advances in imaging have enhanced the understanding of enthesitis's role and detection in PsA.
  • Emerging theories suggest enthesitis might be the primary event in PsA pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current methods for detecting and assessing enthesitis in PsA.
  • To discuss the evolving understanding of enthesitis's role in PsA development.
  • To examine clinical trial evidence for treating PsA-related enthesitis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of imaging techniques for enthesitis detection.
  • Analysis of current literature on PsA pathogenesis and enthesitis.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home
02:28

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home

Published on: March 1, 2024

  • Evaluation of clinical trial data on biologic therapies for PsA.

    • Main Results:

    • Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors demonstrate efficacy in treating PsA-associated enthesitis.
    • Improved detection methods facilitate earlier assessment of enthesitis.
    • Enthesitis treatment may positively impact the long-term prognosis of PsA.

    Conclusions:

    • Enthesitis is a significant target for PsA management.
    • Effective treatment of enthesitis holds promise for altering PsA's natural course.
    • Further research into enthesitis is crucial for optimizing PsA patient outcomes.