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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

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Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
10:59

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage

Published on: August 21, 2021

Is DNA damage response ready for action anywhere?

Mariona Terradas1, Marta Martín1, Laia Hernández1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Cells possess a DNA damage response (DDR) system to repair DNA lesions. However, micronuclei, due to nuclear envelope defects, hinder effective DDR, potentially causing chromosome instability.

Keywords:
DSB repairNER pathwaychromosome instabilitymicronuclei

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Organisms face constant exposure to DNA damaging agents.
  • Cells have evolved the DNA damage response (DDR) to maintain genome integrity.
  • Chromatin condensation and nuclear envelope integrity are crucial for effective DDR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the barriers to an effective DNA damage response (DDR).
  • To investigate the role of micronuclei in DDR.
  • To explore the implications of micronuclei in genome instability.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing data on DDR factors and micronuclei.
  • Analysis of data concerning DDR factor presence on micronuclear DNA lesions.
  • Synthesis of recent observations on micronuclear reincorporation.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin condensation impedes DDR.
  • Micronuclei exhibit defects in their nuclear envelope, impairing DDR.
  • DDR factors are present on micronuclear DNA lesions, indicating failed repair.

Conclusions:

  • Micronuclei are largely incapable of mounting an effective DDR.
  • Reincorporation of micronuclei carrying DNA damage may lead to chromosome instability.
  • Micronuclei represent a significant source of genomic instability.