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Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...
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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods01:28

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The development of extended-release formulations has facilitated the transition from intravenous to oral medication, offering a more convenient and patient-friendly approach to drug administration. This transition, however, requires careful management to ensure that therapeutic drug levels are maintained, preserving efficacy and avoiding adverse effects. Understanding pharmacokinetic principles and dosage calculations is critical during this process.Pharmacokinetics of the...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide (Glucotrol),...
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Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies
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Metformin overdose: time to move on.

Jean-Christophe Orban, Eric Fontaine, Carole Ichai

    Critical Care (London, England)
    |November 1, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Metformin-associated lactic acidosis is a confirmed condition. Research shows metformin poisoning causes mitochondrial dysfunction in humans, clarifying its pathophysiology.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Pharmacology
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Metformin is a widely used drug for type 2 diabetes.
    • Metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) is a rare but serious complication.
    • The exact mechanism of MALA has been debated, with several hypotheses proposed.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the underlying pathophysiology of metformin-associated lactic acidosis.
    • To confirm or refute proposed mechanisms, particularly mitochondrial dysfunction.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of laboratory findings and clinical data related to MALA.
    • Analysis of hypotheses concerning inhibition of gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial function.

    Main Results:

    • Evidence confirms that metformin poisoning leads to mitochondrial dysfunction.
    • This dysfunction is a significant factor in the development of lactic acidosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Metformin-associated lactic acidosis is a real clinical entity.
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key component of MALA pathophysiology in humans.