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Updated: May 17, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Difficult diagnoses in hyperkinetic disorders - a focused review.

Francisco Cardoso1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, The Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Frontiers in Neurology
|November 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This review addresses challenging differential diagnoses in hyperkinesias, focusing on distinguishing essential tremor (ET) from Parkinson

Keywords:
Parkinson’s diseaseSydenham’s choreachoreadystonic tremoressential tremortremor

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Published on: November 21, 2013

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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Hyperkinesias encompass involuntary, abnormal, excessive movements, including tremor, dystonia, and chorea.
  • Accurate differential diagnosis is crucial for effective management of these heterogeneous conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review difficult diagnostic challenges in hyperkinesias.
  • To clarify the differentiation between essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
  • To discuss dystonic tremor and Sydenham's chorea (SC) differential diagnoses.

Main Methods:

  • Focused review of existing literature on hyperkinesia diagnosis.
  • Discussion of specific clinical scenarios and diagnostic criteria.
  • Analysis of overlapping features and mimicry in movement disorders.

Main Results:

  • Distinguishing ET from PD can be challenging when parkinsonian features coexist with ET.
  • Dystonic tremor diagnostic criteria are ill-defined, complicating differentiation from PD and ET.
  • Vascular disease, lupus erythematosus, and antiphospholipid syndrome can mimic SC in children.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate differentiation of hyperkinetic movement disorders requires careful clinical evaluation.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate mechanisms of coexisting ET and parkinsonism.
  • Standardized criteria for dystonic tremor and awareness of mimicry are essential for accurate diagnosis.