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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Published on: August 22, 2022

Late development of a mandibular second premolar.

Ali Altug Bicakci¹, Cenk Doruk, Hasan Babacan

¹Department of Orthodontics, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Dentistry, Sivas, Turkey.

Korean Journal of Orthodontics

|November 1, 2012

Summary

Delayed tooth development in a young girl led to an unexpected diagnosis of a forming premolar. This case highlights the need for flexible orthodontic treatment planning in growing patients.

Keywords:

Agenesis Dentofacial anomalies Diagnosis and treatment planning Pediatric dentistry

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Published on: August 22, 2022

Area of Science:

Dentistry
Orthodontics
Pediatric Dentistry

Background:

Congenital absence of permanent mandibular second premolars can occur.
Early radiographic examination is crucial for diagnosing dental anomalies.
Treatment planning for children requires consideration of growth and development.

Observation:

A girl initially presented with radiographic evidence suggesting congenital absence of mandibular second premolars.
Follow-up radiography after 1 year revealed unexpected odontogenesis of a right second premolar.
The patient was monitored for 8.5 years throughout the diagnostic and treatment process.

Findings:

The initial diagnosis of agenesis was revised due to the spontaneous development of a premolar.
The orthodontic treatment plan was successfully modified to accommodate the developing tooth.
This case demonstrates the potential for latent tooth development even after initial diagnosis of absence.

Implications:

Orthodontic treatment strategies for pediatric patients must remain adaptable.
Unexpected developmental changes necessitate flexible clinical decision-making.
Long-term follow-up is essential for managing complex dental anomalies in children.