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Related Concept Videos

Production of Organic Acids01:25

Production of Organic Acids

Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...
The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
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The Citric Acid Cycle

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Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Transgenic Maize Expressing the α-amylase Inhibitor from Lablab purpureus L.
09:21

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Published on: February 15, 2019

Aflatoxin Detoxification in Rice using Citric Acid.

M Safara1, F Zaini, Sj Hashemi

  • 1Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran.

Iranian Journal of Public Health
|November 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Citric acid effectively reduces aflatoxins in rice, a staple food. Treatment with 1N citric acid achieved over 97% degradation of high aflatoxin levels, ensuring safer consumption.

Keywords:
Aflatoxin B1Aflatoxin B2AflatoxinsCitric AcidDetoxificationIran

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Published on: April 19, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Aflatoxins pose significant health and economic risks.
  • Rice is a primary food source for Iranians, making its safety crucial.
  • Investigating aflatoxin detoxification methods is essential for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of citric acid in detoxifying aflatoxins in rice.
  • To determine the degradation rate of aflatoxins after citric acid treatment.
  • To assess the safety of rice for consumption based on aflatoxin levels.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 275 rice samples for aflatoxins using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
  • Treated aflatoxin-contaminated rice samples with aqueous citric acid.
  • Quantified aflatoxin reduction using HPLC post-treatment.

Main Results:

  • Aflatoxins B1 and B2 were detected in 76.72% of analyzed rice samples.
  • Aflatoxin B1 levels exceeded Iranian and European tolerance limits in some samples.
  • 1N citric acid treatment resulted in over 97% degradation of high aflatoxin concentrations (≥30 and ≥4 ppb).

Conclusions:

  • Citric acid demonstrates high efficacy in reducing aflatoxin contamination in rice.
  • Complete degradation of aflatoxins was observed at lower concentrations (<30 and <4 ppb).
  • 1N citric acid is a viable method for mitigating aflatoxin risks in rice.