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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...

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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
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Published on: December 27, 2016

The cellular decision between apoptosis and autophagy.

Yong-Jun Fan1, Wei-Xing Zong

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.

Chinese Journal of Cancer
|November 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Apoptosis and autophagy are key cell processes. This review explores how molecules regulate both apoptosis (programmed cell death) and autophagy (cellular recycling), revealing their complex interplay.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Apoptosis and autophagy are crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
  • Apoptosis eliminates damaged cells, while autophagy recycles cellular components.
  • Both processes can be triggered by similar stresses and sometimes lead to cell death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy.
  • To summarize recent findings on molecules that regulate both pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific articles.
  • Analysis of molecular regulators of apoptosis and autophagy.

Main Results:

  • Apoptosis and autophagy share core regulatory proteins.
  • Specific molecules have been identified that influence both processes.
  • The interplay between these pathways is complex and context-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy is vital for comprehending cellular fate.
  • Further research into shared molecular regulators may reveal new therapeutic targets.