Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 17, 2026
10:26
A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
Published on: June 2, 2015
Evaluation of left renal vein entrapment using multidetector computed tomography
Ahmet K Poyraz1, Fatih Firdolas, Mehmet R Onur
1Department of Radiology, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey. akursadpoyraz@yahoo.com.tr
Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987)
|November 3, 2012
Summary
Left renal vein entrapment, or nutcracker syndrome, is common and often missed. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) can help diagnose this condition, which may cause hematuria.
Area of Science:
- Radiology
- Vascular Anatomy
- Nephrology
Background:
- Nutcracker syndrome (left renal vein entrapment syndrome) presents diagnostic challenges for non-glomerular hematuria.
- Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is a valuable imaging modality for diagnosing nutcracker syndrome.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the prevalence of nutcracker phenomenon and nutcracker syndrome using MDCT in a consecutive patient cohort.
- To evaluate the diagnostic utility of MDCT in identifying left renal vein entrapment.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective review of abdominal contrast-enhanced MDCT scans from 1000 consecutive patients.
- Assessment of renal vein diameters and identification of left renal vein entrapment (anterior/posterior).
- Correlation with electronic medical records and urinalysis for clinical findings.
Main Results:
- Left renal vein entrapment observed in 10.9% of patients; various forms of entrapment noted.
- Significantly wider mean diameter of anteriorly entrapped left renal veins compared to contralateral veins.
- 8.8% of patients with entrapment showed hematuria or proteinuria without other cause; varicocele/pelvic congestion seen in 5.5%.
Conclusions:
- Left renal vein entrapment is a prevalent condition.
- Renal nutcracker phenomenon is likely underdiagnosed, highlighting the importance of MDCT in diagnosis.
Related Concept Videos
01:20Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
The key difference between Superficial Vein Thrombosis (SVT) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) lies in their location and severity.Clinical ManifestationsSVT typically presents with localized pain, tenderness, and redness along the course of a superficial vein, often accompanied by a palpable, cord-like structure under the skin. This condition is usually less dangerous than DVT but can be uncomfortable and may lead to complications such as cellulitis or, rarely, a clot extension into the deep...
01:27Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography
DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
01:19Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging
DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
01:22Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography
IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
01:28Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT
Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
01:28Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies
Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...