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Related Concept Videos

Microtubule Instability02:17

Microtubule Instability

Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...
Microtubule Instability02:17

Microtubule Instability

Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a microtubule array...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
07:14

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations

Published on: September 20, 2019

Microtubule dynamics alter the interphase nucleus.

Gabi Gerlitz1, Orly Reiner, Michael Bustin

  • 1Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. gabi.gerlitz@gmail.com

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|November 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microtubules mechanically deform the nuclear envelope during interphase, causing folding and relocating heterochromatin. This process involves the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and dynein motor proteins, impacting nuclear architecture.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Cytoskeleton Dynamics
  • Nuclear Architecture

Background:

  • Microtubules are crucial for chromosome segregation during cell division.
  • The nuclear envelope's role in interphase nuclear organization is less understood.
  • Cytoplasmic forces influencing nuclear structure are an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of microtubules in shaping the interphase nuclear envelope.
  • To determine how microtubules affect heterochromatin organization within the nucleus.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms linking microtubule dynamics to nuclear architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Chemically induced depolymerization and reassembly of microtubules.
  • Microscopy to observe nuclear envelope morphology and chromatin distribution.
  • Investigating the roles of nuclear lamina composition and dynein motor activity.

Main Results:

  • Microtubule reassembly induced nuclear envelope folding.
  • Condensed chromatin transiently accumulated near the microtubule organizing center (MTOC).
  • This accumulation depended on nuclear lamina and dynein motor protein activity.

Conclusions:

  • Cytoplasmic mechanical forces from microtubules can deform the interphase nuclear envelope.
  • Dynein motor proteins mediate force/signal transfer to reorganize intranuclear chromatin.
  • Microtubules actively influence interphase nuclear architecture by altering chromatin organization.