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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
07:08

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency

Published on: February 2, 2024

Restoring totipotency through epigenetic reprogramming.

Jadiel A Wasson1, Chelsey C Ruppersburg, David J Katz

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.

Briefings in Functional Genomics
|November 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic reprogramming at fertilization is crucial for re-establishing totipotency. This involves selective erasure and maintenance of epigenetic marks, enabling the zygote

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Epigenetic modifications regulate transcriptional memory, ensuring gene expression patterns persist through cell division.
  • Germline cells undergo extensive epigenetic modifications during specification and maintenance.
  • Fertilization fuses differentiated sperm and egg, forming a totipotent zygote, indicating a need for epigenetic reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on epigenetic reprogramming around fertilization.
  • To explore mechanisms involved in re-establishing totipotency in the early embryo.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on fertilization and epigenetic reprogramming.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the selective erasure and maintenance of epigenetic marks.

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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
09:34

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency

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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
08:01

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
09:34

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

Main Results:

  • Fertilization triggers significant epigenetic reprogramming, involving both erasure and maintenance of modifications.
  • These dynamic epigenetic changes are critical for the transition from differentiated gametes to a totipotent zygote.

Conclusions:

  • Selective epigenetic reprogramming at fertilization is essential for restoring totipotency.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into early embryonic development and cell fate determination.