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Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
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Nose and Nasal Cavity

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...

Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

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Eustachian tube in atrophic rhinitis.

¹Department of ENT, Medical College, Kota, Rajasthan India.

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India

|November 3, 2012

Summary

Atrophic rhinitis can affect the eustachian tube, with lesions found in 35% of patients. Nasopharyngeal endoscopy can identify these issues and aid in treatment to prevent ear complications.

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Rhinosinusology

Background:

Atrophic rhinitis is a chronic condition causing mucosal and turbinate bone atrophy.
Maxillary sinus involvement can occur secondary to the primary disease or mucosal issues.
The impact of atrophic rhinitis on the eustachian tube remains uncertain.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence, type, and location of lesions at the eustachian tube orifice in patients with atrophic rhinitis.
To assess the therapeutic potential of nasopharyngeal endoscopy in managing these lesions.

Main Methods:

Nasopharyngeal endoscopy was performed on 20 patients diagnosed with atrophic rhinitis.
Detailed examination of the eustachian tube orifice was conducted.

Main Results:

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Lesions involving the eustachian tube were identified in seven patients (35%).
Observed lesions included atrophic changes, crusting, granulomas, and thick mucoid areas.
Endoscopy demonstrated therapeutic value in clearing discharge and crusts from the eustachian tube orifice.

Conclusions:

Atrophic rhinitis frequently involves the eustachian tube orifice.
Nasopharyngeal endoscopy is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool for atrophic rhinitis patients.
Early intervention via endoscopy may prevent otological complications.