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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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Cold nodule thyroid - A 5 year retrospective study.

V I Sajithkumar1, P K Rathore

  • 1Department of E.N.T.-Head and Neck Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), 605 006 Pondicherry.

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India
|November 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathology revealed malignancy in 12% and 16% of cold thyroid nodules, respectively. This study evaluates the utility of frozen section analysis in diagnosing these nodules.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Cold nodules in the thyroid gland require accurate diagnostic evaluation to rule out malignancy.
  • Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a primary diagnostic tool, but its accuracy can be limited.
  • Surgical intervention is often necessary for definitive diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC and histopathology in cold thyroid nodules.
  • To determine the role and effectiveness of intraoperative frozen section analysis in managing cold thyroid nodules.
  • To compare the malignancy detection rates between FNAC and histopathology.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of FNAC and histopathological reports from 50 patients with cold thyroid nodules who underwent surgery.
  • Review of surgical records and diagnostic outcomes over a 5-year period.
  • Evaluation of the concordance between FNAC, frozen section, and final histopathology results.

Main Results:

  • FNAC identified malignancy in 12% of cases.
  • Histopathological examination confirmed malignancy in 16% of cases.
  • The study aimed to assess the specific contribution of frozen section analysis in this cohort.

Conclusions:

  • Histopathology demonstrates a higher malignancy detection rate than FNAC for cold thyroid nodules.
  • Frozen section analysis plays a crucial role in intraoperative decision-making for cold thyroid nodules.
  • Accurate preoperative and intraoperative diagnostics are essential for optimal patient management.