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The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

Published on: March 5, 2022

Post stapedotomy hyperacousis-A mechanical explanation.

¹Dept. of ENT Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603 Kualampur, Malaysia.

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India

|November 3, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A mechanical explanation is provided for hyperacusis, a hearing condition that can occur after stapedectomy or stapedotomy surgery.

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The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Neurosurgery
Audiology

Background:

Stapedectomy and stapedotomy are surgical procedures to restore hearing.
Hyperacusis, or sound sensitivity, is a potential complication following these surgeries.
The underlying mechanisms of post-stapedectomy hyperacusis are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a mechanical explanation for the occurrence of hyperacusis after stapedectomy or stapedotomy.
To elucidate the biomechanical factors contributing to sound sensitivity post-surgery.

Main Methods:

Analysis of the mechanical changes in the middle ear following stapedectomy/stapedotomy.
Biomechanical modeling to simulate sound transmission and stapes footplate vibration.
Correlation of mechanical alterations with the potential for abnormal auditory nerve stimulation.

Main Results:

The study proposes that altered ossicular chain mechanics and changes in stapes footplate mobility can lead to aberrant sound perception.
Specific mechanical configurations are identified that may result in overstimulation of the auditory system, manifesting as hyperacusis.
The mechanical explanation accounts for the variability in hyperacusis occurrence post-surgery.

Conclusions:

A novel mechanical framework explains hyperacusis following stapedectomy and stapedotomy.
Understanding these biomechanical principles may guide surgical techniques to minimize the risk of sound sensitivity.
Further research should validate these mechanical hypotheses through intraoperative measurements or advanced imaging.