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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion01:17

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

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Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the respiratory system, this...
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Bode Plots Construction01:24

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The Bode plot is an essential tool in control system analysis, mapping the frequency response of a system through a magnitude plot and a phase plot, both against a logarithmic frequency axis. To construct a Bode plot, consider the transfer function H(ω):
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Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
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Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells
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Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells

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ECG record during changes in oesophageal pH.

M Wani1, S Hishon

  • 1Department of Medicine, James Paget Hospital, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk.

Gut
|February 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Gastroesophageal reflux can cause chest pain that mimics heart issues. However, this study found that esophageal pH changes associated with reflux do not trigger electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Cardiology
  • Diagnostic Medicine

Background:

  • Non-cardiac chest pain is a common clinical presentation.
  • Differentiating esophageal pain from cardiac pain can be challenging.
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a frequent cause of non-cardiac chest pain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between esophageal pH changes and electrocardiogram (ECG) activity in patients with non-cardiac chest pain.
  • To determine if esophageal acid reflux causes observable ECG changes.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring and ECG recording were performed in 17 patients with non-cardiac chest pain.
  • An esophageal acid perfusion test (Bernstein test) was conducted to reproduce chest pain.

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Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
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Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

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Construction of a Wireless-Enabled Endoscopically Implantable Sensor for pH Monitoring with Zero-Bias Schottky Diode-based Receiver
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Construction of a Wireless-Enabled Endoscopically Implantable Sensor for pH Monitoring with Zero-Bias Schottky Diode-based Receiver

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells
10:18

Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells

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Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
06:46

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

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Construction of a Wireless-Enabled Endoscopically Implantable Sensor for pH Monitoring with Zero-Bias Schottky Diode-based Receiver
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Construction of a Wireless-Enabled Endoscopically Implantable Sensor for pH Monitoring with Zero-Bias Schottky Diode-based Receiver

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Main Results:

  • 11 out of 17 patients experienced chest pain with significant esophageal acid exposure (pH < 4 for 3.4% of recording time), but no concurrent ECG changes were observed.
  • Chest pain was reproduced in 10 patients via the Bernstein test, again without any associated ECG abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • Esophageal acid reflux can cause chest pain symptoms that are clinically difficult to distinguish from cardiac pain.
  • Esophageal pH changes indicative of reflux do not appear to induce significant ECG changes in patients with non-cardiac chest pain.