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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Correction: Tracheostomy Management in Oral and Oropharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Retrospective Study from a Multidisciplinary Protocol Approach.

Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India·2026
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Correction: Screening of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia, Laryngopharyngeal Reflux and Job Burnout in Adult Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

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Correction: Comparison of the Use of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma with Conventional Method in Myringoplasty.

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Correction to: Digital Eye Strain and Dry Nose: an Observational Study on Screen OverUse and Emerging Otorhinolaryngological Symptoms in Young Adults.

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Correction: Retrospective Observational Study To Analyse Indications of Cochleostomy and Changing Trends in Use of Cochleostomy for Cochlear Implant Electrode Insertion.

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Correction: Sinonasal Clear Cell Carcinoma Masquerading as Recurrent Inverted Papilloma.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery
08:47

Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery

Published on: January 19, 2022

Cholesteatoma, attic, ossicles.

Navin L Hiranandani1

  • 1Bombay Hospital, Bombay.

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India
|November 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Cholesteatoma commonly extends into the mastoid and middle ear. Understanding cholesteatoma extension patterns is crucial for selecting appropriate surgical interventions and optimizing hearing reconstruction outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Cholesteatoma, a skin-induced condition, frequently extends within the temporal bone structures.
  • Accurate assessment of cholesteatoma extension is vital for surgical planning.
  • Patient preference for hearing reconstruction influences surgical approach modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the common extension patterns of cholesteatoma in the mastoid and middle ear.
  • To emphasize the importance of identifying cholesteatoma extension for surgical decision-making.
  • To highlight the adaptation of surgical techniques for hearing reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cholesteatoma extension.
  • Analysis of surgical case reports focusing on mastoid and middle ear involvement.
Keywords:
Cholesteatoma and its Otological Sequalae

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Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery
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Published on: January 19, 2022

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  • Discussion of imaging modalities used to delineate cholesteatoma spread.

    • Main Results:

    • Cholesteatoma commonly involves the mastoid, attic, and middle ear spaces.
    • Surgical strategies are adapted to address specific extension patterns.
    • Hearing reconstruction is increasingly prioritized in surgical planning.

    Conclusions:

    • Identifying the precise extent of cholesteatoma is paramount for successful surgical outcomes.
    • Surgical techniques are evolving to incorporate hearing reconstruction alongside disease eradication.
    • Further research may explore management of intracranial extensions.