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Integrator and Differentiator01:13

Integrator and Differentiator

Op-amp circuits have significant applications in various fields, including automotive engineering. One such application is cruise control systems in cars, where op-amp circuits are integral for maintaining a constant speed. In these systems, op-amps function as both integrators and differentiators.
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The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy
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Structure of the Mediator head module.

Laurent Larivière1, Clemens Plaschka, Martin Seizl

  • 1Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany. larivier@genzentrum.lmu.de

Nature
|November 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Mediator head module

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Structural biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Mediator complex is essential for gene transcription by RNA polymerase II.
  • It links transcriptional regulators to RNA polymerase II and is implicated in human diseases.
  • The Mediator head module, composed of conserved subunits, is a key component of this complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the de novo crystal structure of the Mediator head module from Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
  • To provide a detailed architectural model of the fission yeast Mediator head module.
  • To elucidate the structural basis for Mediator function and its interactions in gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography at 3.4 Å resolution.
  • De novo structure determination.
  • Integration of existing and newly determined subunit structures.

Main Results:

  • Determined the crystal structure of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mediator head module.
  • Revealed a crocodile-head-like structure with eight distinct, partially mobile elements.
  • Identified key domains including the fixed jaw (tooth and nose) and neck (helical spine, limb with shoulder, arm, finger).
  • The structure suggests flexibility and conservation with implications for interactions with RNA polymerase II.

Conclusions:

  • The determined structure provides a revised model for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mediator head module.
  • Highlights high conservation and inherent flexibility within the Mediator head module.
  • Offers insights into mutations affecting Mediator function and provides a framework for understanding gene regulation mechanisms.