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Gastrulation

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

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Updated: May 17, 2026

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

Published on: October 22, 2009

Primordial germ cells in mice.

Mitinori Saitou¹, Masashi Yamaji

¹Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Japan. saitou@anat2.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

|November 6, 2012

Summary

This study explores how primordial germ cells (PGCs) develop totipotency in mice through genetic and epigenetic regulation. Understanding PGC development could enable in vitro totipotency generation for biological and medical advancements.

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Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

Published on: October 22, 2009

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Epigenetics
Stem Cell Biology

Background:

Germ cell development is crucial for reproduction and establishes totipotency.
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the earliest germ cell precursors.
Understanding PGC development mechanisms is key to reproductive biology.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize recent findings on mouse primordial germ cell (PGC) development mechanisms.
To focus on transcriptional and signaling pathways in PGC specification and pluripotency.
To review epigenetic reprogramming and in vitro germ cell reconstitution strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent findings on PGC development in mice.
Focus on transcriptional and signaling mechanisms.
Analysis of epigenetic reprogramming and stem cell-based reconstitution strategies.

Main Results:

PGC specification involves complex transcriptional and signaling networks.
PGCs exhibit unique epigenetic reprogramming and potential pluripotency.
Strategies for reconstituting germ cell development from pluripotent stem cells are emerging.

Conclusions:

Continued research into germ cell development offers insights into totipotency.
In vitro generation of totipotency could significantly impact biological science and medicine.
Understanding PGC development is vital for future therapeutic applications.