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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes
12:27

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Published on: September 8, 2013

(E)-N'-[1-(Thio-phen-2-yl)ethyl-idene]isonicotinohydrazide.

C S Dileep1, M M M Abdoh, M P Chakravarthy

  • 1Department of Studies in Physics, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|November 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study details the molecular structure of a novel pyridine-thiophene compound. Crystal analysis reveals specific dihedral and torsion angles, along with hydrogen bonding patterns.

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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
09:45

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes
12:27

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Published on: September 8, 2013

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
09:45

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding the three-dimensional structure of organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
  • Pyridine and thiophene moieties are common in pharmaceuticals and organic electronic materials.
  • Intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, significantly influence crystal packing and material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(11)N(3)OS.
  • To quantify the dihedral angle between the pyridine and thiophene rings.
  • To characterize the hydrogen bonding interactions and resulting supramolecular architecture in the crystal.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and torsion angles provided detailed geometric information.
  • Hydrogen bond analysis was performed to identify and quantify intermolecular interactions.

Main Results:

  • The dihedral angle between the pyridine and thiophene rings was determined to be 46.70(9)°.
  • The C-N-N-C torsion angle was found to be 178.61(15)°.
  • Inversion dimers formed by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were observed, creating R(2)(2)(8) loops in the crystal lattice.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of the C(12)H(11)N(3)OS compound has been successfully determined.
  • The specific arrangement of pyridine and thiophene rings and the observed hydrogen bonding significantly influence the compound's solid-state structure.
  • These findings provide a foundation for further investigations into the compound's potential applications.