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Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Standardized Induction and Assessment of Long-term Potentiation-like Cortical Plasticity Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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Induced brain plasticity after a facilitation programme for autobiographical memory in multiple sclerosis: a

Alexandra Ernst¹, Anne Botzung, Daniel Gounot

¹Imaging and Cognitive Neurosciences Laboratory (CNRS UMR 7237, IFR 037), University of Strasbourg, 12 rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France.

Multiple Sclerosis International

|November 6, 2012

Summary

Cognitive training using mental visual imagery (MVI) improved autobiographical memory (AbM) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) patients. This improvement correlated with increased brain activity in posterior regions, suggesting MVI aids memory retrieval.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Clinical Neurology

Background:

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) often impairs autobiographical memory (AbM).
Cognitive deficits in MS can impact quality of life and daily functioning.
Understanding memory retrieval mechanisms in MS is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate cerebral activation changes following cognitive training aimed at improving AbM in RR-MS patients.
To assess the efficacy of a cognitive training program based on mental visual imagery (MVI) for AbM deficits.
To differentiate training-induced improvements from learning effects in AbM assessment.

Main Methods:

Assessed AbM using the Autobiographical Interview (AI) in 8 RR-MS patients and 15 controls.
Administered a cognitive training program based on MVI to 4 RR-MS patients.
Conducted pre- and post-intervention AI and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on trained patients.
A control group of 4 RR-MS patients underwent repeat AI assessments without intervention to control for learning effects.

Main Results:

RR-MS patients demonstrated selective AbM deficits on the AI.
Cognitive training significantly improved AbM performance, exceeding learning effects observed in the control group.
Post-training fMRI revealed increased cerebral activity in posterior brain regions, associated with AbM improvement.
These changes suggest MVI emphasizes memory retrieval processes.

Conclusions:

Cognitive training utilizing MVI shows preliminary efficacy in improving AbM retrieval deficits in RR-MS patients.
Neuroimaging findings support the role of MVI in enhancing memory recall mechanisms.
This approach offers a potential therapeutic strategy for cognitive rehabilitation in MS.