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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
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Published on: December 29, 2015

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines.

Monica A McArthur1, Michael R Holbrook

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore MD, USA.

Journal of Bioterrorism & Biodefense
|November 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines are crucial for public health, especially with over 3 billion at risk. Modern vaccine development focuses on improved safety and efficacy, including live-attenuated and chimeric approaches.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) poses a significant threat in Asia and Australia, impacting over 3 billion people.
  • The potential for JEV to be used as a bioweapon underscores the need for effective preventative measures.
  • Historical vaccine development began with mouse brain-derived inactivated vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the historical development of Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines.
  • To review current JE vaccine candidates and ongoing clinical trials.
  • To discuss the potential risk of JEV as a bioweapon.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical vaccine development, including formalin-inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccines.
  • Analysis of modern JE vaccine strategies utilizing cell culture and improved manufacturing.
  • Examination of a live-attenuated JE vaccine and a chimeric vaccine in clinical trials.

Main Results:

  • Early JE vaccines were effective but derived from mouse brains.
  • Modern JE vaccines offer improved safety through cell culture and refined manufacturing.
  • A live-attenuated JE vaccine and a chimeric vaccine show promise in ongoing trials.

Conclusions:

  • JE vaccine development has evolved significantly, enhancing safety and efficacy.
  • New vaccine technologies are critical for controlling JE and mitigating bioweapon risks.
  • Continued research and clinical trials are essential for robust JE prevention strategies.