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Related Concept Videos

Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Inhibition of Cdk Activity02:34

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis
06:57

Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis

Published on: June 14, 2019

[P16NIK4a expression in premalignant cervical lesions].

Ines Krivak Bolanca1, Suzana Katalenić Simon, Karmela Sentija

  • 1Merkur University Hospital, Department of Clinical Cytology and Cytogenetics, Division for Gynaecologic Cytology and Cytogenetics, Zagreb, Croatia. ibolanca@inet.hr

Acta Medica Croatica : Casopis Hravatske Akademije Medicinskih Znanosti
|November 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

p16INK4a protein expression is a valuable diagnostic marker for cervical cancer screening. Increased p16INK4a indicates high-risk human papillomavirus infection and potential progression of cervical lesions.

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RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
10:26

RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: March 11, 2014

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis
06:57

Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis

Published on: June 14, 2019

RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
10:26

RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: March 11, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Pathology

Context:

  • Cervical cancer is a significant global health concern, often linked to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections.
  • Early detection and accurate diagnosis of cervical abnormalities are crucial for effective management and improved patient outcomes.
  • The protein p16INK4a has emerged as a potential biomarker for identifying dysplastic and neoplastic changes in the uterine cervical epithelium.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of p16INK4a protein expression in cervical cytology.
  • To correlate p16INK4a expression with different grades of cervical abnormalities and high-oncogenic-risk HPV infection.
  • To assess the utility of p16INK4a as a reliable marker for monitoring cervical lesions.

Summary:

  • This study analyzed 371 cervical smear samples, assessing p16INK4a expression alongside cytological classification (Bethesda system) and HPV typing.
  • A significant correlation was found between high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and p16INK4a positivity.
  • While most mild dysplastic lesions were p16INK4a negative, positive cases indicated viral integration and higher progression risk.

Impact:

  • The findings demonstrate that p16INK4a protein expression is a valuable diagnostic and prognostic factor in cervical cancer screening.
  • The reproducibility of p16INK4a staining makes it suitable for routine follow-up monitoring and comparison of cytological results.
  • This biomarker aids in identifying high-risk lesions, potentially improving patient management and reducing progression to invasive cervical cancer.