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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...

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Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic
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A new interferometry-based electron density fluctuation diagnostic on Alcator C-Mod.

C P Kasten1, J H Irby, R Murray

  • 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ckasten@mit.edu

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|November 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The upgraded two-color interferometry diagnostic on Alcator C-Mod tokamak now measures electron density and gradient fluctuations. This advancement aids in studying plasma turbulence and transport, observing key plasma modes.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Fusion Energy Research
  • Diagnostic Techniques

Background:

  • Understanding plasma turbulence and transport is crucial for achieving controlled nuclear fusion.
  • Previous diagnostics had limitations in resolving fine-scale density fluctuations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To upgrade the two-color interferometry diagnostic on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak.
  • To enhance the measurement of electron density and density gradient fluctuations.
  • To facilitate studies of plasma turbulence and transport.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a two-color interferometry system with ten radially separated vertical chords.
  • Implemented fast phase demodulation electronics for differential measurements.
  • Configured for absolute phase shift measurements using a local oscillator.
  • Digitized data at up to 10 MS/s for high-resolution fluctuation analysis.

Main Results:

  • Successfully measured line-integrated electron density gradients and density fluctuations.
  • Resolved density fluctuations with wave numbers k(R) < 20.3 cm(-1).
  • Observed the quasi-coherent mode in enhanced D-alpha H-mode plasmas.
  • Observed the weakly coherent mode in I-mode plasmas.

Conclusions:

  • The upgraded diagnostic effectively measures electron density and gradient fluctuations.
  • The system provides valuable data for turbulence and transport studies in tokamak plasmas.
  • Observations of specific plasma modes validate the diagnostic's capabilities.