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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation, vasodilation, and...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...

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Transplantation of Epigenetically Modified Adult Cardiac c-Kit+ Cells Retards Remodeling and Improves Cardiac Function in Ischemic Heart Failure Model.

Stem cells translational medicine·2015
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Inhibition of nitric oxide synthases, but not inducible nitric oxide synthase, selectively worsens left ventricular function after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest in swine.

Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine·2015
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HDAC class I inhibitor, Mocetinostat, reverses cardiac fibrosis in heart failure and diminishes CD90+ cardiac myofibroblast activation.

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Retrograde coronary vein infusion of cardiac explant-derived c-Kit+ cells improves function in ischemic heart failure.

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An electrically coupled tissue-engineered cardiomyocyte scaffold improves cardiac function in rats with chronic heart failure.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Clinical Application of Phase Angle and BIVA Z-Score Analyses in Patients Admitted to an Emergency Department with Acute Heart Failure
04:05

Clinical Application of Phase Angle and BIVA Z-Score Analyses in Patients Admitted to an Emergency Department with Acute Heart Failure

Published on: June 30, 2023

BACE1 levels are elevated in congestive heart failure.

Hikmet F Nural-Guvener1, Nezahet Mutlu, Mohamed A Gaballa

  • 1Center for Cardiovascular Research at Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.

Neuroscience Letters
|November 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure (HF) trigger brain inflammation and may increase Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. This study found increased BACE1 and VEGF levels in the brain following MI and HF, suggesting a link to neuroinflammation and hypoxia.

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Cutoff Value of Phase Angle by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis at Admission as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Acute Heart Failure
05:16

Cutoff Value of Phase Angle by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis at Admission as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Acute Heart Failure

Published on: June 10, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Clinical Application of Phase Angle and BIVA Z-Score Analyses in Patients Admitted to an Emergency Department with Acute Heart Failure
04:05

Clinical Application of Phase Angle and BIVA Z-Score Analyses in Patients Admitted to an Emergency Department with Acute Heart Failure

Published on: June 30, 2023

Cutoff Value of Phase Angle by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis at Admission as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Acute Heart Failure
05:16

Cutoff Value of Phase Angle by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis at Admission as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Acute Heart Failure

Published on: June 10, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases negatively impact brain health, contributing to dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Congestive heart failure (CHF) post-myocardial infarction (MI) impairs left ventricular function, leading to inflammation and reduced cerebral blood flow, risk factors for AD.
  • Biochemical brain changes following MI and CHF are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate microglia activation, BACE1 levels, and VEGF levels in the hippocampus and cortex after MI in a rat model.
  • Determine the biochemical alterations in the brain associated with acute MI (AMI) and chronic CHF.

Main Methods:

  • Induced MI in Sprague-Dawley rats by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery.
  • Collected brains at 3 days (AMI) and 21 days (CHF) post-MI.
  • Assessed microglia activation (Iba-1), BACE1, and VEGF levels using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting.

Main Results:

  • Observed activated microglia morphology in the cortex of both AMI and CHF rats.
  • Found increased BACE1 levels in the cortex and hippocampus of CHF rats.
  • Detected elevated VEGF levels in the hippocampus of CHF rats, suggesting hypoxia.

Conclusions:

  • Myocardial infarction induces neuroinflammation in the brain.
  • CHF-related hypoxia may contribute to elevated BACE1 and VEGF levels, potentially impacting AD pathogenesis.