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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...

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A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s
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SNObase, a database for S-nitrosation modification.

Xu Zhang1, Bo Huang, Lunfeng Zhang

  • 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.

Protein & Cell
|November 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

S-Nitrosation, a key nitric oxide (NO) signaling mechanism, involves protein modifications. SNObase, a new database, catalogs S-nitrosation targets and their functions, aiding research into NO-related biological processes and diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • S-Nitrosylation is a critical redox-based post-translational modification of protein thiols by nitric oxide (NO).
  • This modification regulates protein function, conformation, and interactions, playing roles in physiological and pathological processes.
  • The number of identified S-nitrosylated proteins is rapidly increasing, highlighting the need for comprehensive data organization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop SNObase, a centralized database of S-nitrosation targets.
  • To provide a comprehensive resource for information on S-nitrosation sites, biological models, and associated diseases.
  • To facilitate functional and pathway enrichment analyses of S-nitrosylation targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature mining to extract S-nitrosation data up to June 1st, 2012.
  • Database development (SNObase) to store 2561 instances of S-nitrosation.
  • Functional enrichment analyses using Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway databases.

Main Results:

  • SNObase contains 2561 S-nitrosation instances with detailed information.
  • Functional analysis revealed novel associations of S-nitrosylation with "response to drug" and "regulation of cell motion".
  • Enrichment in cytosol and mitochondria, and significant roles in various KEGG pathways linked to diseases were identified.

Conclusions:

  • SNObase serves as a precise, comprehensive, and accessible knowledgebase for S-nitrosation.
  • The database enables integrated data analysis and facilitates systemic studies of S-nitrosation.
  • Findings suggest significant roles for S-nitrosation in disease pathogenesis and offer avenues for interdisciplinary research.