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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren syndrome.
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Establishment of A Mouse Model of Aqueous Deficiency Dry Eye
05:21

Establishment of A Mouse Model of Aqueous Deficiency Dry Eye

Published on: November 1, 2024

New agents for treating dry eye syndrome.

Simon E Skalicky1, Con Petsoglou, Avinash Gurbaxani

  • 1Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. seskalicky@gmail.com

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
|November 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Dry eye syndrome (DES), affecting up to 30% of adults, causes ocular irritation and inflammation. Research is exploring new immune-targeted therapies to manage this condition impacting vision and quality of life.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Establishment of A Mouse Model of Aqueous Deficiency Dry Eye
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Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation
06:29

Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation

Published on: May 2, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Dry eye syndrome (DES) involves inadequate tear volume/quality, leading to ocular surface irritation and inflammation.
  • Affecting up to 30% of adults, DES significantly impacts visual function and quality of life.
  • DES can be complicated by allergic ocular disease, with allergy medications potentially worsening symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of current, emerging, and future therapeutic agents for dry eye syndrome.
  • To highlight research into immune-related molecular targets for DES treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established, new, and future therapeutic agents for DES.
  • Analysis of the pathophysiology of DES, including immune-related mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Established treatments for DES exist, with ongoing research into novel agents.
  • Immune-related molecular targets are a key focus for developing new DES therapies.
  • Future therapeutic strategies aim to address the complex pathophysiology of DES.

Conclusions:

  • Dry eye syndrome is a prevalent condition with significant impact.
  • Targeting immune pathways offers promising avenues for novel DES treatments.
  • A range of therapeutic options, from established to future agents, are being investigated for DES management.