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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint
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In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint

Published on: March 7, 2014

Dilatational band formation in bone.

Atharva A Poundarik1, Tamim Diab, Grazyna E Sroga

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone fracture initiates at the nanometer scale via dilatational bands, not microcracks. Osteocalcin and osteopontin proteins are key to this nanostructure, influencing bone toughness.

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In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint
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Half-segmental Diaphyseal Bone Defect Model in Rats for Evaluating Bone Substitute Performance in Load-bearing Regions
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Half-segmental Diaphyseal Bone Defect Model in Rats for Evaluating Bone Substitute Performance in Load-bearing Regions

Published on: December 30, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanomechanics
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • Bone toughness arises from hierarchical structures and material interactions.
  • Fracture mechanisms in bone are primarily understood at the micrometer scale (microcracking).
  • Nanoscale fracture initiation in bone has not been previously evidenced.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate fracture initiation at the nanoscale in bone.
  • To identify the structural and molecular components involved in nanoscale fracture.
  • To elucidate the role of specific proteins in bone matrix toughness.

Main Methods:

  • Fatigue and indentation testing on human and bovine bone.
  • Advanced microscopy techniques: laser confocal, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopy.
  • Molecular analysis: laser microdissection and ELISA, fracture tests on knockout mouse models (OC(-/-), OPN(-/-), OC-OPN(-/-;-/-)).

Main Results:

  • Fracture initiates at the nanometer scale (approx. 100 nm) through dilatational bands, observed as ellipsoidal voids.
  • Dilatational bands form between mineral aggregates and adjacent osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OPN) proteins.
  • OC and OPN colocalize with dilatational bands and their absence in knockout mice significantly impacts matrix toughness.

Conclusions:

  • Bone fracture initiates at the nanoscale via dilatational bands, mediated by OC and OPN.
  • These proteins play a crucial role in regulating dilatational band formation and bone fracture toughness.
  • Nanoscale organization, specifically dilatational bands, influences higher-scale fracture behavior and overall bone toughness.