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Related Concept Videos

Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistent Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Updated: May 17, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Update on thyroid cancer treatment.

Concetto Regalbuto1, Francesco Frasca, Gabriella Pellegriti

  • 1Endocrinology, Department of Clinical & Molecular Biomedicine of the University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy. regalbut@unict.it

Future Oncology (London, England)
|November 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Differentiated thyroid cancer is treatable, but poorly differentiated subtypes resist standard therapies. Targeting thyroid cancer stem cells offers a promising new strategy for these aggressive and lethal forms of thyroid cancer.

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Differentiated thyroid cancer generally responds well to surgery and radioiodine therapy.
  • Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are aggressive, often lethal, and resistant to conventional treatments like radioiodine and chemotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges in treating aggressive thyroid cancer subtypes.
  • To explore the potential of targeted therapies, including kinase inhibitors and targeting cancer stem cells, for refractory thyroid cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on thyroid cancer treatment modalities.
  • Discussion of emerging evidence on thyroid cancer stem cells.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for kinase inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas pose significant treatment challenges.
  • Kinase inhibitors show promise but have yielded controversial clinical trial results.
  • Thyroid cancer is increasingly viewed as a stem cell disease, with thyroid cancer stem cells implicated in tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting thyroid cancer stem cells represents a potential cornerstone for treating poorly differentiated thyroid cancers.
  • Novel therapeutic strategies are needed for thyroid cancer subtypes refractory to current treatments.