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The Hyoid Bone

The Hyoid Bone

The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Bone Markings

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

Overview of the Skull

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Published on: January 11, 2018

Bifid mandibular condyle.

Girish Katti¹, Mohammed Najmuddin, Syeda Fatima

¹Deptartment of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Al Badar Dental College & Hospital, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.

BMJ Case Reports

|November 8, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A rare case of bifid mandibular condyle in a young male caused limited mouth opening and facial disfigurement. This congenital condition affects mandibular development, leading to significant cosmetic and functional issues.

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A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

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Area of Science:

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Congenital Abnormalities
3D Imaging in Dentistry

Background:

Congenital anomalies of the mandible can significantly impact facial aesthetics and function.
Limited mouth opening and facial asymmetry are common presentations requiring thorough investigation.

Observation:

A 20-year-old male presented with lifelong limited mouth opening and cosmetic facial disfigurement.
Clinical examination revealed marked mandibular hypoplasia and a convex facial profile.

Findings:

Radiographic evaluation, including orthopantomograph and CT scan with 3D reconstruction, identified a bifid mandibular condyle on the right side.
This rare developmental anomaly was the underlying cause of the patient's condition.

Implications:

Accurate diagnosis of bifid mandibular condyle is crucial for appropriate treatment planning.
Surgical correction may be necessary to restore mandibular function and improve facial aesthetics.
Understanding such anomalies aids in managing similar congenital conditions.