Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a DNA...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Organobodies: a robust and size-controllable system for generating scalable hiPSC-derived liver organoids for drug toxicity screening.

Biofabrication·2026
Same author

Ontogeny of drug-induced fatty liver disease (DIFLD): from key initiating events to disease phenotypes.

Archives of toxicology·2025
Same author

Unravelling drug-induced hepatic steatosis: Clinical sub-phenotypes, outcome prediction, and identification of high-concern drugs and hazardous chemical attributes.

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie·2025
Same author

The acyl glucuronide of 2-(4-diethylamino-2-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid: Synthesis, structural assignment, occurrence as a human phase II metabolite of Uvinul® A Plus and acute aquatic toxicity.

Chemosphere·2025
Same author

A microRNA signature for valproate-induced steatosis in human hepatocytes and its application to predict fatty liver in paediatric epileptic patients on valproate therapy.

Toxicology·2024
Same author

TSQ Incubation Enhances Autometallographic Zinc Detection in Cultured Astrocytes.

Microscopy and microanalysis : the official journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Published on: May 30, 2012

Gata4 blocks somatic cell reprogramming by directly repressing Nanog.

Felipe Serrano1, Carles F Calatayud, Marina Blazquez

  • 1Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, CIBERehd, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.

Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio)
|November 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Gata4 inhibits somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by suppressing Nanog expression. Reducing Gata4 enhances reprogramming efficiency, revealing its negative role in pluripotency induction.

More Related Videos

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
07:53

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes
09:16

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

Published on: June 3, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Published on: May 30, 2012

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
07:53

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes
09:16

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

Published on: June 3, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using specific transcription factors.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms regulating this reprogramming process are still being elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Gata4 in the reprogramming of somatic cells into iPS cells.
  • To understand how Gata4 influences pluripotency induction and Nanog expression.

Main Methods:

  • Coexpression of reprogramming factors (Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, Myc) with or without Gata4 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.
  • Downregulation of endogenous Gata4 using short hairpin RNAs.
  • Analysis of Nanog expression and reprogramming efficiency.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation, gel retardation, and luciferase assays to study Gata4 binding to the Nanog gene promoter.

Main Results:

  • Coexpression of Gata4 significantly impaired reprogramming efficiency and endogenous Nanog expression.
  • Downregulation of Gata4 accelerated and increased reprogramming efficiency, alongside augmented Nanog mRNA levels.
  • Gata4 was identified to bind to a conserved region upstream of the Nanog gene, inhibiting its transcription.

Conclusions:

  • Gata4 acts as a negative regulator in the induction of pluripotency during somatic cell reprogramming.
  • Gata factors play a crucial role in the transcriptional networks controlling cell lineage decisions in early development.