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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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What is Variation?01:14

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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
The range, standard deviation, standard error, and variance are the different measures of variation.
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What is Population Genetics?01:25

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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Variation01:19

Variation

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An important characteristic of any set of data is the variation in the data. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean. The most common measure of variation, or spread, is the standard deviation, which is the square root of variance.
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Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
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High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster
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Identifying genetic variation for alcohol dependence.

Arpana Agrawal1, Laura J Bierut

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Alcohol Research : Current Reviews
|November 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic variations in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes like ADH1B and ALDH2 influence alcoholism risk and related cancers. Genome-wide studies are advancing the discovery of genetic factors in alcohol dependence.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Neuroscience
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Early research focused on candidate gene and linkage studies to identify genes associated with alcoholism.
  • Modern genotyping advances have led to the widespread adoption of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for alcohol dependence.

Discussion:

  • Polymorphisms in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) genes, which metabolize alcohol, are linked to alcoholism risk.
  • These genetic variations also impact the risk of alcohol-related cancers, including esophageal cancer.
  • The GABRA2 gene, encoding a receptor for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), plays a role in alcohol dependence.

Key Insights:

  • Genetic variations in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes significantly mediate alcoholism risk.
  • Specific gene polymorphisms are associated with increased susceptibility to alcohol-related cancers.
  • GABRA2 gene variations contribute to the development of alcohol dependence.

Outlook:

  • Genome-wide association studies present new opportunities and challenges for uncovering the genetic basis of alcohol dependence.
  • These studies may reveal novel therapeutic targets and strategies for treating alcohol dependence and related conditions.