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Related Concept Videos

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Analysis of Iophenoxic Acid Analogues in Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes Auropunctatus) Sera for Use as an Oral Rabies Vaccination Biological Marker
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Re-emergence Nipah - a review.

S M Arif1, A Basher, M R Quddus

  • 1Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ
|November 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh cause severe encephalitis, primarily in young individuals. Transmission may occur from bats to humans via fruit, with a low risk of human-to-human spread.

Area of Science:

  • Emerging infectious diseases
  • Viral encephalitis
  • Zoonotic diseases

Background:

  • Nipah virus outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh since 2001.
  • The disease primarily affects young individuals and presents as acute encephalitis.
  • Suspected transmission routes include consumption of contaminated fruits and potential bat-to-human spread.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and outcomes of Nipah virus encephalitis.
  • To highlight the diagnostic utility of serology and MRI findings.
  • To document the high mortality rate and patterns of relapse or late-onset encephalitis.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical case series analysis of Nipah virus encephalitis patients.
  • Diagnostic confirmation using serological tests.

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  • Neuroimaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with FLAIR sequences.

    • Main Results:

    • Nipah virus encephalitis presents with fever, headache, and coma, often with neurological signs like areflexia and hypotonia.
    • MRI reveals characteristic small high signal lesions, particularly with FLAIR sequences.
    • Mortality rates range from 32-92%, with severe brainstem involvement contributing to death.
    • Relapse and late-onset encephalitis occurred in survivors.

    Conclusions:

    • Nipah virus poses a significant public health threat in Bangladesh, causing severe encephalitis with high mortality.
    • Early diagnosis through serology and characteristic MRI findings is crucial.
    • Understanding transmission dynamics and long-term neurological sequelae is essential for disease management.