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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
07:57

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

Published on: December 5, 2025

Delay techniques for local flaps in dermatologic surgery.

Nimrod Farber1, Josef Haik, Oren Weissman

  • 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. farbern@gmail.com

Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD
|November 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Delay techniques can prevent tissue flap necrosis in facial reconstruction. This study details methods for using delay procedures to improve blood supply in interpolation flaps for better surgical outcomes.

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Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction
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Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Published on: December 5, 2025

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
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Published on: December 5, 2025

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction
06:32

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Published on: December 5, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Surgical Techniques

Background:

  • Local flaps are essential for reconstructing facial, neck, and scalp defects.
  • Flap ischemia and necrosis are risks that can be mitigated with specific surgical strategies.
  • Delay techniques are sometimes necessary to ensure adequate blood supply for tissue flaps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present techniques and results of delay procedures for interpolation and similar flaps.
  • To illustrate the application of delay techniques in reconstructive surgery.
  • To reduce the risk of flap ischemia and necrosis in complex reconstructions.

Main Methods:

  • Employing delay techniques before raising random flaps with unfavorable length-to-breadth ratios.
  • Utilizing delay procedures after flap elevation but before pedicle separation for interpolation flaps.
  • Improving distal end vascularity in interpolation flaps through staged procedures.

Main Results:

  • Successful application of delay techniques in reconstructive procedures.
  • Enhanced flap survival rates by improving blood supply.
  • Reduced incidence of flap ischemia and necrosis.

Conclusions:

  • Delay procedures are effective in improving blood supply to local flaps.
  • These techniques are valuable for reconstructive surgery of the face, neck, and scalp.
  • Delay techniques enhance the reliability of interpolation and similar flaps.