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Related Concept Videos

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Boronium-cation-based ionic liquids as hypergolic fluids.

Kai Wang1, Yanqiang Zhang, Deepak Chand

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, 83844-2343, USA.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New boronium-cation ionic liquids were synthesized and characterized. Compound 5b demonstrated low viscosity and rapid ignition with nitric acid, indicating potential energetic applications.

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06:31

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are liquid at ambient temperatures, offering unique solvent properties.
  • Boronium cations are less explored but show promise for novel IL development.
  • Energetic materials require careful tuning of properties like viscosity and ignition delay.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel boronium-cation-based ionic liquids.
  • To investigate the physical and chemical properties of these new ILs.
  • To evaluate their performance as potential components in energetic formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of two series of boronium-cation-based ionic liquids.
  • Characterization using NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (13)C, (11)B), FTIR, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction for structural determination of a key compound.
  • Density and heat of formation calculations (Gaussian 03).
  • Viscosity and ignition-delay time measurements.

Main Results:

  • Successful preparation and comprehensive characterization of novel boronium-cation ILs.
  • Structural elucidation of bis(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-3-yl)dihydroboronium dicyanoborohydride (5 a) via X-ray diffraction.
  • Densities ranged from 1.05 to 1.28 g cm(-3).
  • Calculated heats of formation spanned -164.6 to 430.5 kJ mol(-1).
  • Compound 5b exhibited a low viscosity (35 mPa s) and a short ignition-delay time (14 ms) with 100% HNO(3).

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized boronium-cation ILs possess tunable physical properties.
  • Compound 5b shows promising characteristics for energetic applications due to its low viscosity and rapid ignition.
  • Further research into these ILs could lead to advancements in energetic material formulations.