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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

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Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
19:15

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Obstetric toxicology: teratogens.

Michael Levine1, Ayrn D O'Connor

  • 1Section of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street, Room 1011, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. mdlevine@usc.edu

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|November 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Emergency physicians must carefully select medications for pregnant patients. While many drugs are safe, some FDA-classified teratogens are usable, necessitating expert resource consultation for accurate safety assessments.

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Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
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07:08

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Emergency physicians often treat pregnant women for various health concerns.
  • Medication safety during pregnancy is a critical clinical consideration.
  • Existing drug classifications may not fully reflect current safety data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To guide emergency physicians in managing medications for pregnant patients.
  • To highlight discrepancies between FDA pregnancy classifications and current drug safety knowledge.
  • To emphasize the importance of utilizing expert resources for medication decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on medication safety in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pregnancy drug classifications.
  • Identification of reliable expert resources for drug safety information.

Main Results:

  • Numerous medications are safe for use in pregnancy, despite potential FDA teratogen listings.
  • The FDA's pregnancy risk classification may not be the most accurate or current assessment.
  • Expert resources provide more up-to-date and nuanced information on drug safety.

Conclusions:

  • Emergency physicians need to be aware of specific medication safety profiles during pregnancy.
  • Relying solely on FDA classifications can be misleading; expert consultation is crucial.
  • Informed medication choices improve patient outcomes for pregnant women in emergency settings.