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Related Concept Videos

Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
Plasmids01:28

Plasmids

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Transposons01:24

Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...

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Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
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Extrachromosomal genetic elements in Micrococcus.

Julián Rafael Dib1, Wolfgang Liebl, Martin Wagenknecht

  • 1Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI)-CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
|November 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Micrococcus bacteria possess diverse extrachromosomal elements, including plasmids and linear plasmids, which contribute to their ecological versatility and biotechnological applications, such as biodegradation and antibiotic resistance.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Micrococci are Gram-positive bacteria with significant roles in biodegradation, bioremediation, and producing valuable compounds.
  • Extrachromosomal elements like plasmids were first identified in Micrococcus luteus ~28 years ago.
  • Known plasmids confer antibiotic resistance, aromatic compound degradation, and osmotolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review extrachromosomal traits in Micrococcus, including plasmids, phages, and linear plasmids.
  • To discuss the role of these elements in the genus's ecological and biotechnological versatility.
  • To explore their potential as genetic tools.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of reported Micrococcus extrachromosomal traits.
  • Analysis of sequence data and curing experiments for linear plasmids.
  • Inferred capabilities from genetic elements.

Main Results:

  • A variety of circular plasmids conferring specific traits are known in Micrococcus.
  • Recently described linear plasmids range from 75-110 kb and confer antibiotic/heavy metal resistance.
  • Extrachromosomal elements contribute to the genus's adaptability and biotechnological potential.

Conclusions:

  • Extrachromosomal elements are crucial for the ecological and biotechnological versatility of Micrococcus.
  • These genetic elements hold potential for development as genetic tools.
  • Further research into Micrococcus extrachromosomal DNA can unlock new biotechnological applications.