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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
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In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
In vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
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Toxicogenomic approaches in developmental toxicology testing.

Joshua F Robinson1, Aldert H Piersma

  • 1Laboratory for Health Protection Research-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. robinsonjf@gmail.com

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Toxicogenomic applications offer new ways to identify teratogens, but studies are complex. This review guides researchers through toxicogenomic methods in developmental toxicology for better teratogen prediction.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental toxicology
  • Toxicogenomics
  • Pharmacogenomics

Background:

  • Toxicogenomic applications provide novel tools for characterizing, classifying, and predicting teratogens.
  • Conducting toxicogenomic studies presents challenges due to numerous experimental and statistical steps.
  • Understanding biological and technical factors is crucial for interpreting toxicogenomic data in developmental toxicology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To guide researchers through the fundamental framework of toxicogenomic investigations in developmental toxicology.
  • To provide examples of factors influencing toxicogenomic response and interpretation.
  • To review diverse applications of toxicogenomic approaches in teratology testing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current toxicogenomic applications in teratology.
  • Discussion of exposure-response characterization (dose and duration).
  • Examination of chemical classification and cross-model comparison study designs.

Main Results:

  • Toxicogenomics offers a framework for characterizing teratogens.
  • Identified key biological and technical factors impacting toxicogenomic studies.
  • Highlighted diverse applications including dose-response, classification, and cross-model comparisons.

Conclusions:

  • This review provides a guide for navigating the complexities of toxicogenomic analyses in developmental toxicology.
  • Emphasizes the utility of toxicogenomics in study design for teratology.
  • Discusses the future potential of 'omics' approaches in developmental toxicology research.