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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Membrane Lipids01:32

Membrane Lipids

Lipids are an essential component of all biological membranes. The average lipid content in mammalian membranes is 50%, though it can be as low as 20% in the inner mitochondrial membrane or as high as 80% in the myelin sheath present around the nerve cells.
Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin are the most common phospholipids present in mammalian membranes. At physiological pH, phosphatidylserine is negatively charged, while the other three...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...

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Updated: May 17, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

Mammalian phospholipase C.

Ganesh Kadamur1, Elliott M Ross

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program and Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.

Annual Review of Physiology
|November 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phospholipase C enzymes are crucial for cell signaling, converting PIP(2) into IP(3) and DAG. These enzymes integrate diverse signals, regulate cell function, and control second messenger production.

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Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
07:26

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

Published on: October 15, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Signaling

Background:

  • Phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes are central to cellular regulation.
  • They catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) into second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
  • These products, IP(3) and DAG, are involved in numerous cellular processes and serve as substrates for other signaling molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of Phospholipase C enzymes in integrating cellular signaling pathways.
  • To understand the regulation of PLC activity and its impact on cellular behavior.
  • To highlight the significance of PLC in controlling second messenger production and cellular responses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Phospholipase C family members.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways involving PLC activation and regulation.
  • Examination of the substrates and products of PLC enzymatic activity.

Main Results:

  • Mammals possess six distinct PLC families with specialized functions.
  • PLCs are activated by a wide array of signals including G proteins, kinases, Ca(2+), and phospholipids.
  • Autoinhibition within the PLC catalytic domain is a key regulatory mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Phospholipase C enzymes act as a critical signaling nexus, integrating diverse inputs.
  • They play a vital role in controlling cellular PIP(2) levels and second messenger production.
  • PLC activity is essential for determining cell behavior across various timescales.