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Related Concept Videos

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy01:29

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP01:26

Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat conditions related to the bile ducts, pancreatic ducts, and gallbladder. This procedure is beneficial for identifying and addressing blockages, gallstones, strictures, and tumors within the biliary or pancreatic systems. ERCP is both diagnostic and therapeutic, offering the ability to visualize and treat identified problems in one session.
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Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
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Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

An Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy Designed to Minimize Anastomotic Complications and Optimize Conduit Function
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Published on: April 17, 2020

Endoscopic-assisted sphincter pharyngoplasty (EASP).

Sherif Mohammad Askar1

  • 1Department of ORL-HN Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. askr_sh@yahoo.com

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
|November 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Intraoperative nasoendoscopy enhances sphincter pharyngoplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiency. This technique improves visualization, reduces complications, and leads to good speech outcomes without added cost.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Speech Pathology

Background:

  • Sphincter pharyngoplasty (SP) is a transoral treatment for velopharyngeal insufficiency.
  • Difficult visualization during SP often necessitates palatal stretching or splitting.
  • Previous studies have explored endoscopic use in SP, but not intraoperatively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present and evaluate the role of intraoperative nasoendoscopy in sphincter pharyngoplasty.
  • To assess the feasibility and benefits of endoscopic assistance in SP.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving seven patients with persistent postoperative hypernasality.
  • Endoscopic-assisted sphincter pharyngoplasty combining transoral and transnasal routes using a nasoendoscope.
  • Preoperative and postoperative phonetic and nasoendoscopic assessments.

Main Results:

  • The procedure was easily performed with available instruments, posing no extra burden.
  • Improved visualization and controlled surgical steps were achieved.
  • No major complications were recorded, and good speech outcomes were reported.

Conclusions:

  • Endoscopic-assisted sphincter pharyngoplasty offers improved visualization of difficult-to-access areas.
  • This technique is feasible, safe, and cost-effective, utilizing readily available instrumentation.
  • It reduces the need for palatal stretching or splitting, potentially improving palate function.