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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the recognition that people have...
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Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL&#47;6 Male and Female Mice
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Developmental pathways to amygdala-prefrontal function and internalizing symptoms in adolescence.

Cory A Burghy1, Diane E Stodola, Paula L Ruttle

  • 1Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. caburghy@wisc.edu

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Early life stress (ELS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function are linked to later psychopathology.
  • Amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) circuitry is crucial for emotion regulation and may mediate ELS effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prospectively investigate how ELS and childhood cortisol levels influence adolescent resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) in the amygdala-PFC circuit.
  • To examine the sex-specific effects of ELS and early HPA-axis function on brain circuitry and psychopathology.

Main Methods:

  • Functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) was used to assess rs-FC in the amygdala-PFC circuit.
  • Longitudinal data collected on ELS, childhood cortisol levels, and adolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Main Results:

  • In females, greater ELS predicted higher childhood cortisol levels.
  • Higher childhood cortisol levels predicted decreased amygdala-vmPFC rs-FC in adolescence (14-year follow-up).
  • In females, adolescent amygdala-vmPFC rs-FC was inversely correlated with anxiety and positively associated with depressive symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • ELS and early HPA-axis function have lasting effects on emotion-related brain circuits in females.
  • Altered amygdala-vmPFC connectivity may represent a mechanism linking early adversity to distinct adolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms.