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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per minute.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

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Ventricular pacing threshold after transthoracic external defibrillation with two different waveforms: an

Antonio Carlos Assumpção1, Pedro Paulo Martins de Oliveira, Karlos Alexandre de Souza Vilarinho

  • 1Department of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

Europace : European Pacing, Arrhythmias, and Cardiac Electrophysiology : Journal of the Working Groups on Cardiac Pacing, Arrhythmias, and Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology
|November 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Transthoracic shock for ventricular defibrillation generally does not impact ventricular pacing threshold (VPT). However, prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF) is linked to increased VPT after monophasic waveform defibrillation.

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Published on: January 31, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Transthoracic shock is used for ventricular defibrillation.
  • An increase in ventricular pacing threshold (VPT) post-shock has been observed.
  • Limited data exists on waveform energy's impact on VPT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate VPT changes after transthoracic shock.
  • To compare monophasic versus biphasic waveform energy effects on VPT.

Main Methods:

  • Piglets with pacemakers were divided into three groups based on VF induction and intervention.
  • Groups received monophasic or biphasic transthoracic shock.
  • VPT was measured for 10 minutes post-shock.

Main Results:

  • Groups with no or short VF duration showed stable VPT.
  • Prolonged VF (Group III) led to increased VPT with both waveforms.
  • Monophasic waveform showed higher VPT with longer VF duration compared to biphasic.

Conclusions:

  • Defibrillation has minimal impact on pacing thresholds.
  • Longer ventricular fibrillation duration is associated with higher VPT post-monophasic defibrillation.